Essay 4: The Impacts of Inclusive Education on General Ed Students


The current research on the effects of inclusive education suggest that it’s beneficial for special education students, but there is less information on the advantages for students in the mainstream population. Inclusive education has transformed since its original implementation in 1975. When IDA was passed in 1978, the goal of the law was to bringing students into a public forum rather than  a closed off environment , and that has gradually changed to trying to keep all students, regardless of their ability levels within the same classroom. Given the legal aspect of inclusion, extensive money has been allocated for researching the growth and development of students in these classes. Current research in the field has focused on studies for specialized students but less for general education students. Very few mainstream students are likely to be identified in studies and little effort is made to track the academic progress, social development and the problem-solving skills of the mainstream population, creating a significant gap in the data available to assess the benefits for this population.  One means of filling this gap is to place more students with disabilities in classrooms and record how the general education students are impacted. This could be accomplished by distributing surveys, conducting interviews, and thoroughly observing school classes. Although people generally support the benefits of inclusive education for all students involved in the academic environment, the research reflecting the growth and success for mainstream students needs more attention to generate sufficient data to evaluate whether the structure actually promotes healthy interactions with a variety of people, effective communication opportunities, and improved social and cognitive functioning.

Inclusive education promotes social Interaction with multiple personality types, introverts and extroverts offering greater opportunity to develop social skills. The process of ensuring everyone, regardless of background, can fully participate in society and achieve their potential through equal opportunities. The benefits of inclusive classrooms is explored in the article “Kids Included Together.” The author evaluates the contrast between inclusive and separate classrooms suggesting, “They may be limited to thinking or seeing that our differences end in our physical appearance and interests.However, inclusive classrooms allow all students to see and feel and interact with students of diverse learning needs. This can teach them, in a practical and hands-on way, that differences are natural.”cite. Without inclusive education special education students are stereotyped as incapable and are unable to participate in the same activities and academic tasks. People are able to observe how people with SLN use different steps to solving and completing tasks.  An article ”Benefits of an Inclusive Education”  explains,  ”In an inclusive classroom, students make friends more easily because they’re part of the same group. Children without disabilities get the chance to interact with them daily, and they are less likely to see differences as barriers. This constant interaction helps all students learn to be kind and respectful, which also reduces bullying and teasing—a common issue faced by students with disabilities.”cite Case highschool offers a program that brings mainstream students into special Education classrooms and through participation it seems evident that people create these friendships very quickly. Through this program students are able to attend these classes daily. Students of all sorts of personalities learn to be respectful to these students because they become outnumbered and it almost feels more normal. When students learn to relate to these students they also learn to be kind to them and treat them like family. When inclusive education is enforced people are able to realize the differences This gives you expert opinion on the limitations of non inclusive education on students without disabilities.

Emotional intelligence, which involves the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions in both yourself and others, plays a critical role in fostering a compassionate and inclusive environment. Key aspects of emotional intelligence, such as self-awareness, self-regulation, and motivation, are often enhanced in diverse settings, particularly in inclusive classrooms. These classrooms, where students of all abilities learn together, provide an opportunity for students to not only learn academics but also vital life skills like empathy, patience, and respect for differences. As one article states, “When students without disabilities learn alongside their peers who may face different challenges, they’re exposed to different perspectives. This helps them understand that everyone learns in unique ways, fostering empathy and respect for differences.” This exposure helps students recognize that everyone has unique ways of learning and coping with difficulties. It’s more than just academic learning; it becomes a lesson in human connection self-awareness,n. For example, students may see how their peers with disabilities approach tasks differently and recognize the effort and strategies involved. This insight nurtures empathy, as they begin to appreciate the different struggles others face and how these challenges can be overcome in creative ways. From personal experience, I’ve witnessed how inclusive classrooms allow students to become more thoughtful and socially aware. They learn to understand the emotional and social needs of their peers, which helps them better navigate a world that is diverse in many ways. By observing the daily routines of peers with disabilities, students begin to understand that struggling with certain tasks or needing extra help is a normal part of learning for many people. Over time, this helps create a more supportive environment where compassion becomes the norm. As one educator observed, “I’ve seen firsthand how this environment allows students to become more thoughtful. They often grow more socially aware and accepting of others, which better prepares them for life in a diverse world.” When compassion is modeled and accepted by the entire classroom, it encourages all students whether they have disabilities or notto behave in a more caring and understanding way. This shift creates a community where all students feel seen and supported, promoting a healthy, emotionally intelligent atmosphere for growth. Moreover, inclusive classrooms can greatly enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The diversity of experiences and perspectives in these environments prompts students to approach problems with more creativity. As another article notes, “This diversity can improve their critical thinking and problem-solving skills. I’ve observed that inclusive classrooms encourage students to think creatively since they’re exposed to a wider range of ideas.” From my own experience, I’ve found that when students see their peers facing difficulties, they often feel compelled to help them. This not only fosters teamwork but also sparks a desire to find innovative solutions that can make tasks easier for everyone. Whether it’s simplifying instructions, offering emotional support, or working collaboratively, students in inclusive settings are encouraged to think beyond the obvious and find new ways of tackling inclusion isn’t just about having students with and without disabilities in the same classroom. It’s about creating an environment where students can learn from each other, embrace differences, and grow into emotionally intelligent individuals who understand the value of empathy and creativity in both academic and social settings.

Inclusive education significantly enhances the peer relationships of general education students, providing them with opportunities to develop empathy, tolerance, and a deeper understanding of diversity. Research consistently shows that students in general education classrooms benefit from interacting with peers who have different learning needs. One key advantage is the increased comfort and acceptance of differences, which ultimately leads to stronger, more positive social interactions. As one study points out, “They’re more comfortable with and more tolerant of differences. They also have increased positive self-esteem and diverse, caring friendships.” This shift in perspective encourages general education students to move beyond superficial differences, seeing their peers for who they truly are, rather than focusing on labels or stereotypes. It creates a space for students to discuss and recognize the many ways people learn, fostering a greater sense of shared understanding. The experience of inclusion gives students a chance to learn that everyone learns in their own way, often revealing commonalities that might not have been apparent before. As one study highlights, “Inclusion gives kids a way to talk about how everyone learns in their own way. They may find that they have more in common with other kids than they thought.” When students realize that they share similar challenges, interests, and goals, they are more likely to form meaningful connections and friendships. These interactions also help students see differences not as something to be feared, but as a natural and valuable part of life.The exposure to diverse peers allows general education students to practice the skills of empathy and compassion, which are essential for maintaining positive relationships. The inclusive environment provides an opportunity for students to engage in real life situations where they can support and encourage one another, learning how to collaborate, communicate effectively, and be patient with others. These experiences often lead to the development of diverse and caring friendships, where students are more likely to support one another both inside and outside the classroom. Inclusive education benefits the peer relationships of general education students by fostering a culture of respect, understanding, and shared humanity. Students are able to build lasting friendships that transcend differences, which helps them grow both socially and emotionally. In turn, these positive peer interactions contribute to a more inclusive, supportive school environment, where all students can thrive. The impact of inclusion on peer relationships is far-reaching, creating a foundation for general education students to develop into compassionate, open-minded individuals who are equipped to navigate and embrace diversity in all aspects of life.

In conclusion, after reviewing the feedback provided through various articles, it is clear that inclusive education can offer significant benefits not only to students with disabilities but also to students in general education. The research shows that general education students experience positive changes in their attitudes toward diversity, social interactions, and emotional growth when they are exposed to inclusive learning environments. It’s clear that the effects of inclusive education are not limited to special education students but extend to general education students as well, creating a more empathetic student body. While much of the current research focuses on the immediate impact of inclusion on students with special needs, further investigation into the long-term effects of inclusion on all students is essential. This research could provide valuable insights into how inclusive education shapes social dynamics, academic achievement, and personal development over time. This study has begun to uncover the short-term impacts of inclusion, but as we continue to implement and refine inclusive models, it is crucial to understand the long-term implications for all students involved. We now know the immediate benefits of inclusion for general education students, but more research should be conducted to track these impacts over a longer period, especially as students transition into different academic and social environments. Additionally, further research should address younger age groups and explore how inclusive education affects their early developmental stages, which could offer critical insights into the long-term benefits of inclusion from an earlier age. Looking ahead, I strongly believe that every school should encourage inclusion not only in classrooms but also in extracurricular activities like sports and clubs. Inclusive environments in all areas of school life provide students with opportunities to interact, collaborate, and form relationships across diverse backgrounds, reinforcing the importance of acceptance and mutual respect. Moreover, governments should allocate funds to support and expand these inclusive programs, ensuring that they are accessible to all students, not just those with disabilities. By investing in inclusive education, we can create a more equitable and supportive educational system where every student, regardless of ability, has the opportunity to succeed and thrive. Expanding inclusive practices can create a positive domino effect that benefits all students, preparing them for a diverse and interconnected world

UNICEF — “Inclusive education for students with disabilities”: https://www.unicef.org/eca/education/inclusive-education

U.S. Department of Education — “A Guide to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)”: https://sites.ed.gov/idea/

National Center on Inclusive Education — “Evidence for Inclusion: Research on Benefits of Inclusive Education” (PDF summary): https://www.ncie.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Evidence-for-Inclusion-2018.pdf

Council for Exceptional Children — “Inclusion Works! Research-Based Strategies and Tools for Effective Instruction” (overview resource page): https://www.cec.sped.org/Standards/Inclusion-Works

Essay 3 Ashton peer review

1. Thoughtfulness and range of questions

Your questions are really good and connect well to the picture. They show that you’re thinking about emotions, communication, and what patients go through. The only thing I noticed is that most of your questions focus on the same themehow doctors and patients talk to each other. That’s great, but you could add a little more variety. Maybe include a question about medical ethics, patient rights, or how technology affects communication. This would make your range of questions even stronger.


2. Paragraph focus and flow

Most of your paragraphs stick to one main idea and are easy to follow. They also start clearly and stay connected to the image, which is good. A few places could be improved. The paragraph about clear and compassionate communication repeats the idea of “trust” several times. You could make it shorter and more direct. The paragraph on past medical experiences jumps from negative to positive too fast. Adding a transition like “On the other hand” would make it flow better. The paragraph about nonverbal communication is strong but long. You could break it into two shorter ideas. Overall, your writing is clear and organized.


3. Depth of information and source quality

You used really strong sources like NIH, CDC, Harvard, AMA, and NEJM. Some paragraphs include deeper facts like the one about stress and memory. But a few paragraphs stay very general and could use more specific details. For example:The emotional intelligence paragraph could include an example of how EI helps doctors. The empathy paragraph could use a quick statistic or a specific study. Adding just one or two more specific facts would make those paragraphs stronger. Besides that I think the essay is very clear and well organized

Essay 4 proposal

The Impacts of Inclusive Education on General Ed Students

What will be your research question?

Does inclusion benefit non-disabled students as much as it benefits students with disabilities?

Where did you get the idea?

I went to a highschool that focused highly on inclusion making me encouraged to see the benefits on it

What do you already know about the issue? Do you have an idea what position you might take? Why does it interest you (if yu can articulate a reason)?

In my experience I personally have benefited from inclusion as a general ed student

List hyperlinks to at least a couple good-quality sources you might use.

UNICEF — “Inclusive education for students with disabilities”: https://www.unicef.org/eca/education/inclusive-education

U.S. Department of Education — “A Guide to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)”: https://sites.ed.gov/idea/

National Center on Inclusive Education — “Evidence for Inclusion: Research on Benefits of Inclusive Education” (PDF summary): https://www.ncie.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Evidence-for-Inclusion-2018.pdf

Council for Exceptional Children — “Inclusion Works! Research-Based Strategies and Tools for Effective Instruction” (overview resource page): https://www.cec.sped.org/Standards/Inclusion-Works


Essay 3: Special Education Classroom Annotation

The picture shows a special education classroom where students are doing sensory and movement activities with help from their teachers. The room has things like therapy balls, mats, and soft play equipment. These tools help students stay calm, move their bodies, and stay focused so they can learn better. This connects to School-Based Services, which explains how schools use occupational therapy, physical therapy, and other supports to help students.

Many different disabilities can benefit from this type of classroom, such as autism, developmental delays, learning disabilities, and sensory or motor challenges. Special Education (What Disabilities Are Involved in Special Education) explains that students with these needs may qualify for special education. A child is considered eligible when their disability affects how they learn and when they need extra help, as described in Eligibility: Determining Whether a Child is Eligible for Special Education Services.

In Massachusetts, schools provide services like OT, PT, speech therapy, adaptive physical education, and assistive technology tools, such as communication devices and sensory supports (Assistive Technology School Share Program). Even though students need these kinds of supports like the ones shown in the picture many schools still struggle with staffing shortages. How the Special Education Teacher Shortage Affects Students with LD explains that this is a growing problem across the country.

Classrooms like the one in the picture are also important because they give students a safe space to practice social and emotional skills. For example, sensory activities help students learn how to manage stress, follow routines, and work alongside their classmates. These skills are important for students’ independence and everyday functioning, and they support the goals in many students’ Individualized Education Programs (IEPs).

Another benefit of sensory-focused classrooms is that they allow teachers and therapists to work together as a team. When teachers, paraprofessionals, and related service providers collaborate, they can make sure students are getting consistent support throughout the school day. This teamwork helps students make progress not just in academics, but also in communication, behavior, and physical development.

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. (2025, February 4). Special Education — Disabilitieshttps://www.doe.mass.edu/sped/links.html Massachusetts DOE

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. (n.d.). Assistive Technology School Share Programhttps://www.doe.mass.edu/specialeducation/iep/assistive/swap.html Massachusetts DOE

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. (n.d.). Assistive Technology and Accessibilityhttps://www.doe.mass.edu/specialeducation/iep/assistive/ Massachusetts DOE

Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. (n.d.). Special Education — Families & Guardianshttps://www.doe.mass.edu/specialeducation/families/ Massachusetts DOE

Mass Legal Help. (n.d.). Special Education: Overviewhttps://www.masslegalhelp.org/school/special-education-disability-accommodation/special-education-overview Massachusetts Legal Help

U.S. Department of Education. (2020). Personnel Preparation National Activities — Special Educationhttps://www.ed.gov/media/document/j-specialedpdf-39380.pdf

Peer Review for Abby Essay 2

By Alexa

Essay Structure and Guidelines

I really liked how you put your essay together, It’s clear and easy to follow, and I could tell you understood the assignment well. You did a great job starting with a strong intro and explaining what the article was about before moving into your own thoughts. One small thing I’d suggest is making it a little clearer where your summary ends and your response begins. Maybe add a short sentence like, “Now I’ll share my own opinion,” to help the reader follow along. Other than that, your structure looks great and your ideas flow nicely.


Summary Completion and Accuracy

Your summary of Helen Lewis’s article was super detailed and easy to understand. You included all the main points about Lucy Calkins, the Units of Study program, and phonics. I didn’t feel confused at all while reading it. The only small suggestion I have is to say the author’s last name (Lewis) more often in your summary to remind the reader that those ideas came from her. Overall, your summary was really strong and complete.


Citations Ethically Sourced and Works Cited

Your citations and Works Cited look really good and follow MLA format. I like how you used quotes and paraphrased in your own words. like I mentioned before just make sure to add short parenthetical citations like “(Lewis)” or “(Pendharkar)” anytime you mention something from one of the articles, even if it’s not a direct quote. That just helps make everything extra clear and avoids small citation mistakes.


Focused and Coherent Paragraphs

Your paragraphs make sense and go together really well. Each one talks about one main idea, which makes your essay easy to follow. I really liked when you added your own thoughts about working with kids in schools that part felt personal and real as I can relate to that.


Response

Your response was great and showed a lot of thought. I like how you talked about both sides of the argument and said that a mix between Units of Study and Fundations could work best. That was a really good point. You might want to add one or two more sentences at the end about what teachers could take away from both curriculums, just to wrap it up nicely. Other than that, your response was very strong.


Overall Comment:
Your essay is clear, well-organized, and easy to read. You showed that you really understood the readings and connected them to real classroom experiences. Just a few little changes like adding short citations, splitting up long paragraphs, and making your transition into your response a bit clearer will make it even better.


Education Throughout My Life – A Memoir

Education has always been a big part of my life not just because I want to work in education one day, but because school taught me more than just math or reading. It taught me how people treat each other. It showed me what it feels like to be left out, and later, what kind of teacher I want to be.

When I was really young, I thought school would be fun. I thought everyone would be kind, and I’d fit in easily. I mean, who would judge a kindergartener, right? But I was wrong. Kids can be mean. But what hurt more was that even the adults the teachers and coaches sometimes made me feel like I didn’t belong. I joined cheer and gymnastics, hoping to be part of something. But I quickly noticed how the smaller, flexible girls were treated better. They were the flyers the ones thrown in the air and they were clearly the favorites. Our coach gave them more attention, even had sleepovers with them. One time, I almost broke my wrist and still had to keep going. No one cared. That was the first time I realized how cliques and favoritism worked.Middle school was even worse. The pressure to fit in was stronger, and the cliques were more obvious. Teachers treated the “smart” or popular kids better, and if you were quiet or different, you were ignored. I started to feel invisible, like nothing I did mattered unless I was already seen as one of the “good” kids. By high school, I got used to it. I learned how to stay out of the way. But I also started to notice the teachers who treated everyone equally. They didn’t care if you were popular or quiet. They listened. They made you feel like you mattered. Those teachers made a big difference to me, and I realized that’s the kind of teacher I want to be. I don’t want any kid to feel how I felt growing up unseen, unheard, or left out. I want to be the person who lifts others up, not just the ones who fit in, but the ones who are still trying to find where they belong thats why education means so much to me. Not because of grades or awards, but because of the way it shapes people. And I want to be someone who helps shape it for the better.

Education throughout my life memoir. draft

This theme has become important to me not only because I want to work in the education in the future

Thinking about my memoir and how I can relate it to education. I could write on and on about the effects of teaching and how it affects children of all ages depending on teaching style and learning environment. I do feel like it goes deeper than that though, Its the people around you and how your being treated. 

Most people have an exceptional experience throughout elementary school, nothings really important and kids dont seem to care about much. I thought I was going to be one of those kids. One that fit in with everyone else because what is there to judge about a kindergartener? Well theres alot more than you think. I didnt realize how cruel kids could be. It wasn’t just those kids though. It was the staff around me. I had never experienced “bullying” or even had someone come up to me and say something negative. At this point of time I was hearing these words and they were negative but I never realized how deep they were. I think I always wanted to be part of something. I would participate in cheer and gymnastics but I never fit in. They favored the smaller flexible girls that could be thrown up in the air. Ill never forget my coaches would let the flyers sleep over her house and always treated them extra special. When I almost broke my wrist she had me get right back up to throw these girls along with protecting them at the same time. This is one of the first times I noticed the clique theme throughout my life.

Middle school was really when I opon

Essay 2: The Debate Over Teaching Literacy: The Rise and Fall of Lucy Calkins and the Phonics Resurgence

The debate over how best to teach children to read has been a contentious issue in American education. In her article “How One Woman Became the Scapegoat for America’s Reading Crisis,” Helen Lewis explores the rise and fall of Lucy Calkins, a leading figure in literacy education whose curriculum prioritized fostering a love of reading but minimized phonics instruction. This approach faced criticism and concerns about declining literacy rates. At the same time, a shift toward phonics-based instruction, used by many states and staff , has shown promising results in improving reading, mostly for struggling students. This essay will summarize Lewis’s article and respond to the implications of Calkins methods in the broader context of the ongoing literacy debate.

Lucy Calkins, once a widely respected educator and founder of the Teachers College Reading and Writing Project at Columbia University, developed the Units of Study curriculum, which became the backbone of many U.S. school reading programs. Her approach emphasized reading workshops, independent reading, and cultivating a love for books as central to literacy education. However, critics argued that this balanced literacy approach neglected the crucial role of phonics—the direct teaching of sound-letter relationships necessary for decoding words. A 2020 report by Achieve the Core labeled Calkins’ curriculum as unlikely to ensure literacy success for all students, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The 2022 podcast Sold a Story further amplified this critique, accusing Calkins of promoting flawed methods that contributed to the national reading crisis. Despite attempts to incorporate phonics elements later on, the backlash against Calkins was severe, culminating in the closure of her education center in 2023.

The controversy around Lucy Calkins highlights the balance between inspiring children to love reading and setting them up with the beggining skills to read to their best ability. While engagement is essential, the lack of phonics being taught may leave many students struggling to decode text, a critical skill for reading comprehension. Recent trends support the importance of phonics as explained by The Washington Post, several states including Mississippi have legislated and implemented phonics-based learning with improving results. Mississippi was lower in literacy scores, but they saw significant improvement after using phonics instruction, leading to other schools to want to try phonics based learning across 30 states. However, some educators still question whether phonics is the best fit for every learner. The evidence suggests that phonics is an important component of early reading instruction, but it should ideally be used within an approach that also fosters a love for reading, combining the strengths of both sides.

In conclusion, the story of Lucy Calkins and the recent resurgence of phonics-based instruction illustrate the complications in teaching literacy effectively. While Calkins’ focuses on nurturing a love for reading was well-intentioned, it underestimated the importance of systematic phonics instruction for many students. As literacy education moves forward, combining evidence-based phonics techniques with engaging reading experiences could provide a more balanced and successful method. This balance is important to ensure that all children not only enjoy reading but also the proficiency needed for academic and lifelong success.


Works Cited

Lewis, Helen. “How One Woman Became the Scapegoat for America’s Reading Crisis.” The Atlantic, 13 Nov. 2024, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/12/lucy-calkins-child-literacy-teaching-methodology/680394/.

“The Reading Wars Are Ending. Phonics Won.” The Washington Post, 10 Oct. 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/10/10/phonics-education-california-mississippi-schools/.

Chat GBT Essay

Directions:Go to OpenAIto set up an account for ChatGPT or download if you prefer (if you haven’t done so already). In the chat box ask it write you a 250-word essay that answers some arguable  but relatively simple question (a question for which different reasonable people may have different answers—for example, I tried the question “What is the best pet?”)

I asked chat GBT what grade level is best to teach.

The response given was:

Choosing the best grade level to teach is a personal decision that depends on teaching style, patience, and career goals. For me, I believe the best grade level to teach is elementary school, specifically grades three to five. These years offer the perfect balance between nurturing young learners and challenging them with more advanced skills.

In early elementary grades, students are still developing basic reading, writing, and math skills. By the time they reach third through fifth grade, they have gained enough independence to work on their own, yet they are still eager to learn and look up to their teachers as role models. I enjoy this age group because they are beginning to think more critically, explore creative problem-solving, and discover their own interests. Teaching at this level allows me to encourage curiosity and instill a lifelong love of learning.

I also value the relationships I can build with students at this stage. Younger children often show enthusiasm and appreciation for their teachers, which creates a positive classroom environment. I find it rewarding to help them gain confidence, develop their strengths, and prepare for the challenges of middle school. Watching a student master a skill or gain excitement for a subject is one of the most fulfilling parts of being an educator.

While older students in middle and high school are capable of deeper discussions, they also face more social pressures and distractions that can make teaching difficult. In my opinion, third through fifth graders strike the right balance between independence and openness. That is why I believe upper elementary is the best grade level for me to teach.


The essay is clear and well worded. It has an introduction, supporting body paragraphs, and a conclusion that ties it together. The style is simple and accessible, which makes it easy to read. However, it could be improved with more examples, such as a classroom scenario or a story of how a student benefited from learning at this level. This would make the essay feel more personal and less general.

Submitting this essay in a college classroom without changes would constitute plagiarism, since it was generated by AI rather than being written by the student themselves. Academic honesty policies usually require students to submit their own original work, and passing off AI writing as one’s own would be considered dishonest.

To make it acceptable, a student could use the AI essay as a draft or outline and then revise it heavily, adding personal experiences, new ideas, and their own writing style. For example, a sentence like “I also value the relationships I can build with students at this stage” could be revised to: “When I helped a fourth-grader overcome reading challenges, I realized how meaningful it is to build trust and confidence at this age.” This personalization would make the essay more authentic.